Auditing and Reporting of Business Performance Coursework

Inspecting and Reporting of Business Performance - Coursework Example The Internal Auditing System need to follow an organized model inside the association's business structure that empowers the business information to be brought from different information sources to such an extent that they can be mapped with the Strategic Business Objectives inside the examining structure. Given that the vital targets of each business would be extraordinary, an observational examination relating to a mechanical division when all is said in done may not be totally helpful to each organization in that Industry. Nonetheless, Organizations can get the heading on the philosophy that can prompt effective usage of an Internal Auditing framework which thus can help in mapping the inside frameworks and procedures of the association with the vital business goals. This exploration is an endeavor to set up such an observational speculation relating to the cutting edge rehearses in inspecting and improvement of Business Performance (Hewitt, Bill. 2008. pp50; Pollieri, Maria. 2007 . pp26-30; Boerner, Hank. 2007. pp41-43; James, Mick. 2008. pp27-28) While an outside evaluator can enhance the inner examining arrangement of an association, the real commitments would be substantial from the interior inspecting group as it were. ... This is on the grounds that the reports being advanced to the official administration would be adequately displayed and combined by an inner group having inside and out information on the business arrangement of the association. Given the job and situating of Internal Auditors, they are best positioned to break down and manufacture these diagnostic models and create review reports that will assist the official administration with taking ideal proactive strides so as to ensure the current upper hands just as structure new upper hands of the association in new market fragments, areas or nations. These models convey brilliantly investigated reports relating to business execution and henceforth are generally known as Business Performance Management (BPM) that is bolstered by the Business Activity Monitoring (BAM) frameworks. A BAM framework can possibly empower a business towards fractional or full robotization of business demonstrating and detailing in this way guaranteeing better Process Efficiency, upgraded Employee Productivity, improved Customer fulfillment and maintenance, Transparency, Accuracy and Security of Business Information, improved consistence to Statutory Requirements and Regulations, lastly insurance of Business and improvement of Bottom Lines. The BPM practice basically changes the manner in which a business works consequently making it increasingly organized, trained, educated and all around adjusted towards the business objectives. Such a framework releases various insider facts of relationships and investigation relating to the business elements conveyed with brilliant degrees of exactness. The Internal Auditors are educated with exact and predictable information from a firmly incorporated and controlled framework. (Landry, Steven. P, 2008. p218; April, Carolyn A. also, Margulius Da vid L. 2002. pp27) Table of

Caribbean Studies Notes

As a creating district there are numerous difficulties that we face as a people, be it political or socio-efficient. Caribbean considers is a subject offered with the point of permitting understudies to all the more likely comprehend the difficulties we, as Caribbean individuals, face in our quest for improvement. The Caribbean is likewise notable for its rich and differing social practices, thus an understudy who considers the subject would grow a more profound thankfulness for something that characterizes us most. Our history, of most extreme significance in molding the individuals we are today, would likewise be concentrated in detail. Our flexibility as Caribbean individuals since servitude would show the amount we have created and its significance in the general public we make up today. In this manner, we would perceive our job in the public arena, not as being simply paltry, however as the powers that drive all parts of life. Also, subsequently the significance of safeguarding our legacy as Caribbean individuals would be explained and fortified. Caribbean Studies would likewise be a column in encouraging our youths’ improvement as they go into the field of work. The subject fills in as a methods for outfitting youthful business visionaries with the important aptitudes expected to make a dollar in these difficult monetary occasions. The best possible dynamic traits would be ingrained in any person that takes the course. Environmental change and an Earth-wide temperature boost, likely two of the most dubious and persuasive subjects, alongside other worldwide issues, would likewise be tended to in Caribbean Studies. Points such and Hurricanes and tremors, remembering the Caribbean’s topographical area, would likewise furnish people with the information expected to endure catastrophic events. Since we, the young people, are the future, we would likewise guarantee that the decimation made by future fiascos are limited. Caribbean Studies in itself would flexibly the apparatuses expected to take the Caribbean forward, the bigger islands as well as the littler islands also. Thus it is very certain that Caribbean Studies is significant, so significant that the TAMCC has made it necessary in any student’s residency at the foundation. The significance of where we started from and the difficulties we face can and ought to never be belittled, as it would characterize our future. Furthermore, in this way in light of the previously mentioned reasons Caribbean considers is significant. The Caribbean is a locale comprising of the Caribbean ocean, its islands (the majority of which encase the ocean) and the encompassing coasts. The area is found southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America and to north of South America. Caribbean considers is a course of study wherein understudies will have the option to characterize and find the Caribbean. They will have the option to distinguish, portray and comprehend attributes of the Caribbean culture and culture. Understudies will likewise have the option to survey the effect of chronicled forms in the district, how cultural organizations sway their lives, break down how the worldwide network and the Caribbean culture impact one another. They will have the option to break down the degree of advancement in the Caribbean and how improvement impacts political, practical, social, social, ecological and innovative highlights in the Caribbean. At the point when understudies take this course they will be better ready to comprehend the variables which impact the advancement of Caribbean culture and culture, they will have the option to break down issues which are essential to the improvement of the Caribbean district, while creating regard for different societies and their commitments to the region’s advancement. Understudies will likewise assemble a familiarity with current worldwide issues and how they impact the Caribbean and how the Caribbean influences these worldwide issues.

CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry)

CPW 2008 Another Highly Satisfied Customer! (Guest Entry) By Omar Abudayyeh 12 While I’m not cool enough to enroll at MIT on an iTouch or to dedicate myself to MIT for four years weeks before CPW, I am cool enough to now say, “I am enrolled at MIT!” In fact, I just enrolled moments before finishing this very blog entry and am proud of it. Now with that out of the way…Hi, I’m Omar! I come from a small Midwestern town located on the lower left side of the palm that is Michigan (I wonder how many people actually get what I mean by palm :-p). After a two-hour flight, during which I met a matriculating Harvard Medical School student who tried to convince me to go to a public university, I was definitely ready for some MIT action. I left the plane and descended upon the luggage claim where I met my first MIT friend, Shubhi. Although I never saw her again during CPW, theres no one like your first MIT prefrosh friend (words of wisdom). To those who have heard rumors of a clandestine, transcendental chat group full of amazing people, let me assure you. There is an MIT 2012 chat room (commercial: if you would like to be part of this, for a one time only fee of five dollars (just kidding) you can join this interesting bunch by going to your favorite AIM client and joining the chatroom “MIT12”). And here are our trusty sidekicks: For the past few months, while waiting for my MIT decision and even after it, the chatroom provided me with my daily MIT fix. We laughed, we cried, we made fun of Harvard and Caltech, and we anxiously awaited CPW. All of us chat people became closeknit and couldn’t wait to meet at CPW. When I stepped off the Peter Pan bus onto MIT’s campus, I looked around hoping to spot someone I know. As I edged closer to the student center, I saw some people doing an odd version of the cha cha slide and by the time I turned on my trusty, dandy, handheld video camera with laser deathbeam and all, I had realized that they were all MIT12 chatters! (They are all going to punch me at orientation for posting that picture.) My first duty on campus after registration, of course, was to find the admissions office. I quickly scanned the doors in the infinite corridor until I found: After the chat group finished taking pictures we knocked on the door and an MIT student asked, “Are you prefrosh?” and we just giggled and nodded yes and she told us that all of the admissions officers were in the student center. We didnt care though, we got what we came for: a picture of the names. Now, one of my personal goals during CPW was to collect as many free shirts as possible. While I ended up only getting 4, I still came away feeling like I had somewhat accomplished my goal. Two of the shirts were actually unexpected, while the other two I snagged from the enourmous activities fair. While I do not have a picture of the activities fair, I do have a picture of the CPW festival, which was held in the same place and looks exactly the same as the activities fair minus a naked guy in a box. At the activities fair, I saw Paul again and he was at my favorite booth. He works on the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal and if I recall correctly is going to be co-Editor-in-Chief next year. This journal rocks and so I did what any prefrosh would doI put my email address on the list to get more information from them. I ended up obtaining another shirt from the Arab Students Organization (ASO). This one is my favorite shirt since it spells “Massachusetts Institute of Technology” in Arabic. Yeah, you wish you had one of these. While on the subject of the ASO, let me go off on a tangent and say that I am very impressed with how MIT regards religion on campus. I went to a Muslim Students Association event held in the Religious Activities Center and it was amazing. There was a well-furnished prayer hall filled with everything a Muslim student would need. Out of all the universities I visited, MIT treats religion the best. End tangent here. Aside from rocking out in Rock Band throughout CPW some of the highlights of my trip at MIT included: 1) CPW Welcome My favorite part about the welcome was definitely the MIT Logarhythms, MIT’s all-male a cappella group. For your enjoyment, here are two of the songs they performed: Here in Your Arms: Thanks to Sam 12 for uploading this second video for me :-). 2) Battle of the Bands In this event, I received my fourth free shirt as one of the bands threw a shirt and I luckily pushed and shoved people and caught it. At first I was like “Meh another shirt,” but then someone pointed out to me that the band members on the shirt actually spell out “MIT” and then I was like “OMG this shirt rocks!” and I walked around feeling victorious. 3) Walking on the Harvard Bridge…like a bajillion times! I quickly found the Skullhouse fraternity on the other side of the river to be a nice safe haven for breakfast, snacks, Monster energy drinks, and, of course, Rock Band. As a result, I trekked a few times back and forth the Harvard bridge, killing my feet in the process. That’s ok though because otherwise I wouldn’t have been able to stomp on something that relates to Harvard and I wouldn’t have taken this picture below, which adequately describes how I feel now as the orientation approaches and the next four years edge closer. 4) Bouncy Ball Drop This event rocked. It absolutely rocked. There is nothing like being the target for 10,000 bouncy balls that are being subjected to the cold hearted fo rce that is gravity. One moment it was quiet and calm, the next moment it was raining bouncy balls. I must admit that the strobe light was a nice addition, especially since it helped illuminate the floor in our scramble to collect as many balls as possible. Right as we all began collecting balls though, the fine folks of Senior House began pelting us with water balloons. After being struck by the third water balloon, I decided it was time to high tail it over to the Meet the Bloggers event before I was late. 5) Meet the Bloggers With wet, soggy pants, I power walked through East Campus and the infinite corridor and reached the student center with time to spare. Inside, Ben Jones himself was preparing all the necessary supplies to make a scrumptious root bear float. The event eventually kicked off and all the bloggers filed in! After each person gave a brief introduction, everyone would clap and it was really funny as Ben and Snively got the loudest clapping/cheering. When the introductions were then, we were able to scoff down root beer floats and converse with the wondrous MIT blogging team. I got to chat with Ben, Matt, Paul, Snively, Melis, Mollie (College Confidential buddies!), and Chris. Chris by the way does look a lot taller in person. I think that is the general consensus. To top off the night, we did the obligatory group picture! 6) Underground Capture the Flag On the last night, a huge game of capture the flag took place in the vicinity of the infinite corridor. The underground tunnels, the main floor, and second floor were all fair game and made for an interesting battle. While my feet were killing me at this point due to the continuous walking for three days, I toughed it out and played offense with Sam ’12. We snuck around for most of the game, until we were deep in red territory (we were Blue) and were spotted. I made a run for it and somehow ended up out of bounds. Nevertheless, I hid around a corner for five minutes, but just as I felt I was safe again, a red person came out of nowhere and took me to jail where I found Sam ’12 sitting. Then just moments later, we found out the game had ended and everyone walked back to lobby 10 to find out that the Red team had dominated. Well, at least it’s “better dead, than red.” 7) Math until you die I died after 30 minutes. Here are the poor souls who I left behind: While I only stayed 30 minutes, the math involving group theory and topology was still fairly interesting. 8) Simmons Hall After seeing the tour, I absolutely fell in love with Simmons and will be putting it as my first choice (disclaimer: all feelings I express now are subject to change). Let’s start with the basics: a) Meditation Room b) Cool architecture c) Random walls that jut out d) A very new feel (maybe because it is new) e) Amazing, hard-to-reach views (can you guess where in Simmons this was?) If I decide I don’t want Simmons anymore, I would definitely choose Baker. I think Baker made the cut when I saw this board filled with physics. It reminded me of The Big Bang Theory, one of my favorite shows. If neither Simmons nor Baker work out, I could always live in the best room on campus. The study area within the great dome! I must say that MIT has really shown itself to be a safe campus. It’s great to know that campus police have thought about every possible situation and have come up with ways to protect the student body. This really puts my parents at ease too. After walking past this excellent hack, I was innocently rickrolled (yes, Im streching the meaning of the term) as someone was cruelly playing Rick Astleys music video for Never Gonna Give You Up in the hallway. Of all places! The welcome ceremony was also entertaining, giving us another performance by the MIT Logs and an amusing act by a guy with Chinese Yo-yos. Click here to see their performance of Save Room by John Legend. At the end, I saw none other than Ben Jones himself and got a picture along with Pam ‘12: Overall, CPW was a great way to experience MIT in a fun way (I hear its not like this at all next year, go figure). It was so much fun that it persuaded me to enroll. I cannot wait to be a full fledged MIT freshman next Fall. I visited a few classes, such as Physics II (not too bad), Linear Algebra (I understood it all yay :-) ), and Applied Electromagnetics: From Motors to Lasers (cool stuff). The premed panel was also very helpful. I was afraid Id come to MIT, leave with a bad GPA, and end up practicing medicine in my parents basement, but its not true! Just about 90% of premed undergrads get into med school :-). I am very happy to say: Only four months left!

Self Reflection On My Writing And Learning Process Essay

Self-reflection on my Writing and Learning Process I think self-reflection, or a careful cogitation of one’s personal work, is very important. It will help me think about my strengths and weaknesses in my writing skills and learning process, so that I can improve my weaknesses in the future and become a better writer. I believe, I have many strengths and many weaknesses that can be seen transparently through my drafts, revisions, and final essays, or writings, this semester. My overall strength includes the ability to pick out good examples from articles and the ability to construct good development of my body paragraphs after my revisions. On the other hand, my overall weakness includes having some unclear explanation of thoughts, unclear topic sentences, confusing thesis statements, having undefined terms, difficulties transitioning from one idea to another. I have learned that to have a good essay, I must revise my papers more than once because there are always flaws that can be fixed or improved. My writing process has evo lved from having difficulties writing down or explaining my thought process to being able to explain and clarify examples to help support my thesis statement. I am good at picking quotes that will support my argument. This skill can be seen through multiple drafts that I have written. For instance, in assignment 1, draft 1, I claimed that Richard Rodriguez is rude when describing his opponents. For my quotes, I pulled negative words that Rodriguez usedShow MoreRelatedEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesthinking and the fundamentals of academic writing. This is a prerequisite English class for higher-level English education. By the end of this course a student will have gained a great deal of practice in the craft of writing. 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There were several eye-openers that revealed development and improvement as a doctoral student. In the last five days, various lessons and experiences were taught and learned but the most important lessons for me include the learning team experiences, scholarly writing, and reflection on the lessons learned. Learning Teams During this residency experience, I acquired a lot about learning teams. In my academic and professional experience, IRead MoreDtlls Study Skills Assignment Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector. In it I will discuss my personal approach to study and the study skills I need to use on the programme. The essay will highlight the skills I feel are my current strengths and draw attention to the areas I need to develop. I will briefly describe and evaluate some different reflective models and in relation to these explain the type of reflective model I use and how this helps me to understand how I can improve my learning experience and my study skills in orderRead MoreReflection1650 Words   |  7 PagesIan-Bradley Tancred This essay analyses and describes what reflection is and how it supports your personal and professional learning. It elaborates upon how and why recognizing your strengths and weaknesses are important and how they can enhance lifelon g learning. It describes what arguments and assertions are, what the differences are between them and which one is better. Debnath describes reflection as a means of self-examination to learn from knowledge and experiences which will help transformRead MoreReflection On The Business Management Module And Internship Experience By Designing Gibbs Reflective Cycle979 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Reflection Student name Student numberâ€Æ' Self-reflection essay This essay has been written in order to provide self-reflections on the business management module and internship experience by incorporating Gibbs reflective cycle. Moreover, this essay also highlighted improvement in skills by getting enrolled in this module. With the intention to make the process of learning updated it is better to rely on the framework proposed by Gibbs (1998) which has mentioned below: Figure 1: Gibb sRead MoreThe Transmission Model Of Banking Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesas much relevant information as the educator, and are able to transform the knowledge they have into action for change. Moreover, through the use of a Praxis- orientated approach; through which the participants enter into a continuous process of action, reflection and alteration of the way in which they perceive themselves and society, will ultimately lead to the individuals developing Conscientisation, and become aware of their oppression, leading them to take action for change. Moreover, withinRead MoreThe Professional Development Of A Teacher1631 Words   |  7 Pagesof moral and ethical and positive attitudes. â€Å"In addition to knowing what and knowing how, teachers must also be competent in knowing how and knowing when† (Calderhead and Shorrock 1997) The professional development of a teacher is a lifelong process beginning with initial teacher training and continuing throughout the entire career of a teacher. In basic terms teacher development is described as continuous teacher training. However, I find the following description of the professional developmentRead MorePersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. Throughout my short time spent in Higher Education (HE) I have learned many new aspects of learning like different learning styles and models of reflection and this provides me with an opportunity to look back over these ideas and reflect. This will allowRead MoreReflective Portfolio Of Skills Development Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the MA in Personnel and Development Programme in LJMU. The learning process would be contextualised using literature from adult learning theory to analyse and write a critical reflection that demonstrates reporters’ competence in specific areas. Three broad areas would be covered in doing so. Firstly, learning process of self-management (of this report writer) would be explored focusing on specific areas like effective managing of self at work, soundness of decision making problem solving abilities

Designing The Fashion Industry ( Mcalpine 14 ) - 1330 Words

According to scratchhard.com, the fashion industry generates an average of $20 billion each year. Fashion designers are the heart of the fashion world. Designing is a form of art that is translated into clothing. Inspiration for the designs comes from trends, art, culture, places, and the media. Fashion designers create ideas which they turn into clothing to sell. The first step of designing is researching current fashion trends and predicting future trends. Trends determine the success of the fashion industry (McAlpine 14). Designers choose a speciality to design. Swimwear, bridal wear, children’s clothing, footwear, and men’s wear are a few examples of design categories. Sketching the original design is the next important step of†¦show more content†¦Fashion designers can create apparel for numerous people or for a select few. Haute couture designers create clothes specifically for a customer. One outfit could cost thousands of dollars. Ready-to-wear designs are produced in large numbers but sold at high prices. Mass produced clothing is constructed in large numbers and sold at reasonable prices. This is where most designers work. Boutique designers work alone or in groups to create their own designs and find outlets to sell their clothing. In 2012, twenty-five percent of the designers were self-employed. Large apparel companies usually consist of a team of designers headed by a creative manager. Very few designers work for high fashion brands. High fashion designers earn the most money and are the most well-known. Many different outlets of design are available as career options (McAlpine 14). Formal education fro fashion designers is not required, but it is recommended. Preparing to become a fashion designer can start in high school by taking art, home economics, math, and chemistry (Morkes 324). When an employer is seeking to hire a designer, a person with a fashion degree, an impressive portfolio, and experience or an internship will be the most likely to receive the job. Many universities offer various degrees pertaining to fashion. Baylor University in Waco, Texas is one of the top twenty schools for

Course Reflection Free Essays

At the beginning of this course, I was a little bit scared because it was my first online class. I almost considered dropping the course, but now I can’t believe I am at the end of it. I found this course very interesting and productive. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the first instance, I think the syllabus, which is an outline of course of study, a summary or the list of topics of a course or lectures that student’s collect from their teachers perfectly explained everything regarding the course ranging from the book requirement to the grading system. Nevertheless, I sometimes get nervous when there is not enough information but this is usually outside the class environment. I also did not have to worry about MLA format, because the sample for each assignment was always on a Blackboard. Moreover, I learned new information on MLA format and online research. I am sure that these skills that I have acquired will be of invaluable help to me in the future. Similarly, I enjoyed reading during this class. I think it was the purpose of our instructor to make this course more interesting and exciting by giving out such famous books for the class. Even though I read these books before, I enjoyed them better when I went over them again. In my opinion, the course was great. Our professor minimized students’ worries and inconveniences by providing numerous and well organized information. I think this is important for any class most especially for online classes. Today, as I engage my cerebral neurons in the pensive thoughts of those sweat experiences, the fascinating endearment and the academic fun derived from my online course without the losing my focus, it corrects my previous notion that there cannot be serious academic work in the atmosphere where there is some fun. How to cite Course Reflection, Papers

NonProfit Management Case Study free essay sample

Introduction The civil society has taken a very active role in the quest for democracy that continues to spread across the continents till it reached the Middle East region only recently. This is clear given the successive revolts that have taken place in many of the Arab countries calling for real democracy. Therefore, especially in Egypt, efforts should be directed toward defending civil society organizations and activists who are being threatened by the coercive authoritarian government actions over the past decades (Naidoo, 2007). The civil society as identified by Khallaf (2010) comprises â€Å"non-governmental organizations (NGOs hereafter), community groups, professional associations, trade unions, media organizations, research institutes/ think tanks, and advocacy and human rights civil society organizations† (p. 2). However, the current paper aims at focusing mainly on the role of NGOs in strengthening democracy. This is due to the major role NGOs play in several areas in order to enhance democracy. Among these are their role in: (1) allowing a wider range of interest groups to have a ‘voice’, pluralizing institutions to act in a ‘watchdog’ role vis-a-vis the state, networking and creating alliances of civic actors to place pressure on the state, (2) working with grassroots organizations comprised of poor and marginalized groups, and (3) exerting some pressures on the state by pressing for change and developing alternative policies (Mercer, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on NonProfit Management Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Previous Studies of civil society in Egypt, over the past twenty years, have been both superficial and confined to only limited areas, namely (issue based publications, academic publications, training materials/ manuals, directories, conference publications, empirical comparative studies, civil society organizations’ (CSOs) publications, donor guide books and publications, CSOs coalitions occasional papers, evaluation studies, and web based sources) (Khallaf, 2010). (Figure: 1). Figure : The diversity of civil society research in Egypt Therefore, more detailed studies should be directed toward deeply investigating the civil society organizations operating in Egypt. Khallaf (2010) has mentioned that more research has been directed recently to track the actual magnitude of civil society through donor efforts in Egypt. However, the literature has pointed to serious gaps in the study of NGOs in Egypt. These include; First: Updated statistical information on number of NGOs. Second: The systematic evaluation of NGOs activities. Third: periodic assessments such as the CIVICUS or Civil Society Index and the Philanthropy study. Forth: studying participatory governance and the involvement of civil society in decision making processes. Fifth: changing Laws and regulations governing NGOs in Egypt. Sixth: An impact assessment of all new NGOs working in charity or development. Seventh: an assessment of aid effectiveness to Egypt (Khallaf, 2010). Finally: a detailed diagnosis of the NGOs operating in Egypt is needed. This should focus on both internal and external analyses of the selected NGOs and provide policy recommendations for possible improvements in the sector. The current paper attempts to draw light on how the civil society operates in Egypt. A well recognized Egyptian NGO was selected in this ethnographic research. It is called the Future Protectors Association for Care and Development or â€Å"Homat Al-Mostakbal†. The reason behind selecting it is the higher credibility and the good reputation it is enjoying. This is quite well perceived by the researcher based on her personal experience with this association. The current research can add valuable insights both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it attempts to cover few of the gaps mentioned about the civil society research in developing countries and Egypt in particular. Practically, proposed recommendations can serve as strategic agendas for improving the performance of the selected NGO in particular and the entire NGO sector in general. The current paper is organized as follows; the first section will provide detailed information about association’s background. This will be followed by the analysis section which would sum up the major facts collected about the association. The analysis is based on qualitative in-depth interviewing1 conducted with five key persons in the association including its founder. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are presented, to guide future research directions, at the conclusion part here later. Background Future protectors association for care and development (homat al mostakbal) is one of the well known non-governmental organizations in Egypt. It is located at 425 Avenue Road, Roushdy, Alexandria, Egypt. It is a group of young people who work in the field of developmental work and volunteerism in for a better future and a true renaissance to Egypt. It serves in the great Cairo area and some other governorates including; Alexandria, Dakahleya, Gharbeya, Menoufeya, and others. It was originally founded on the 2nd of Novermber, 2004 by Eng. El-Dreiny and his daughter engineer Marwa El-Dreiny. It was mainly founded seeking community development. The vision of the association is to be one of the largest civil society organizations working in the field and leading the areas of development, community care, and voluntary work in Egypt and the Arab world by year 2020. The mission of the association is the development and care of the community through several dimensions including; raising the general level of education and the development of production philosophy, increasing awareness of drug taking problems, providing health awareness, raising the cultural level of young people, and providing a variety of social services. These are to be achieved while taking into account the mastery of work and commitment to the principles of ethics and team work cooperation. The primary objectives to fulfill the pre-mentioned vision and mission include the following; Providing guidance and better utilizing the power of potential volunteers in various activities of the association and developing their skills while strengthening their moral values. Increasing the awareness of community members about the dangers of drugs and training of cadres for different age groups. In addition to providing technical support to partners and trainers in the field of awareness against the dangers of addiction and drug. Training community members by spreading the production thinking and helping youth and poor families in establishing small craft projects to supply industries with high quality products at competitive prices. Providing social services (in kind physical technical) and the work projects for poor families, orphans, deaf and dumb cases. Developing different segments of the society, especially children and young people both culturally and scientifically. This would entitle them to acquire new skills, open their horizons to different lives, and raise the level of education among the educated classes with aim of bringing progress and prosperity to the society in large. The major values of the association comprise the following; Intentions precede action Our basic principles are our main priority. Understanding the priorities and giving a high commitment to them. Mastering our work. Best employing our resources. Our clients are our core interest. Team work spirit. Commitment to a safe environment. The association is registered under the old NGO law. This entitles the association to be under the scrutiny and supervision of the Directorate of Social Affairs. Here is the copy of the registration certificate. Figure : Formal Registration Certificate The association tries as much to manage its institutional memory. This can be manifested in the form of reports including information about what happened in the past. Other reports are prepared for each activity and collected annually to be archived and documented for each committee. Also, there are few attempts to record religious seminars and cultural meetings either video or audio. Sometimes the association registers the campaigns to serve the new members by providing them with information about the work flavor. These tentative mechanisms are aimed at saving association heritage of knowledge and transfer it to the future generations who would complete the mission. The organization chart of the association was revised recently. There are intentions to modify it also however some limitations hinder this at the current period. The chart is decomposed into the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Executive Director, the Chairmen of the various Committees the Vice Chairmen of the various Committees -who are appointed by the administration according to experience and seniority- the executive management including Secretary, the financial management. There were areas for development and the last updated organization chart was reproduced recently in 2011. The association was built on the basis of predominantly volunteerism however; there are 17 formal employees who are getting paid monthly. There are mainly three managers; executive, financial, and legal affairs. Staff members do not perform overlapping roles, instead there is a clearly specified job description for each single role. This would allow the upper management to apply a strict accountability procedures based on assigned responsibilities. The association is able to deal smoothly with the threat of losing any/all staff member(s). Sometimes, the operations of a highly specialized department, which loses a key staff member, can be postponed until the appointment of a new person. However, in the key roles like secretarial work, work cannot be stopped and duties can be referred to any interested volunteer. The collectivity and shared team working spirit that characterize the association enable it to face sudden problems of this sort. The association is having a board of directors. It is composed of 9 members, 1/3 of them are dropped during each nomination period. The nomination is made for 6 upcoming years. It is preferred to nominate persons with strong public relations to offer some facilities and those who have the expertise and strong knowledge about association’s policies. The association is membership based. There are different types of members including volunteers, affiliated, and working member. The membership status is documented only for continuing members who are then entitled to receive a formal membership card. Members pay a symbolic annual fee of about 20 pounds which represents one of the financial resources received by the association. The following chart represents the progress that has occurred in association’s membership from 2004 to 2008. In 2010, the number of volunteers has reached 4000. Figure : The number of volunteers The following chart represents the geographic allocation of volunteers across the different governorates. Figure : The geographic allocation of volunteers The social and economic background of the members is diverse. Majority of members are classified to be from the middle to upper middle social class. They are almost well educated having a clear intent toward the importance of charity and development societal roles in their country. They have strong religious understandings which enable them to volunteer their efforts for the sake of making others happy while earning credits (thawab) and pleasing the only god (ALLAH). The association has completed a huge number of successful projects2 and some of which are seasonal. The seasonal projects include distributing El Kheir bags and Ramadan lamps. It is planning to undertake some continuous projects not to be owned by the association but by encouraging the youth to execute them and the association can be a partner by 10%. Attached here below in the appendices is a list of the projects and activities the association is involved in. The primary beneficiaries of the association are; Volunteers, university students, school children, widowed women, poor families, knowledge seekers, patients, orphans, and the elderly at large. The association is not specifying a certain population to focus on serving. Activities are therefore not based on the coverage of a particular area, but they are tailored to achieve certain goals across the various geographic segments. 3 The association has unique policy for recruiting both members and staff. For the former, recruitment is based on the real intention to perform volunteer work. For the latter, recruitment is based on the exact mission to be completed within the functional department the potential candidate will join. The association views the current recruitment policy to be an effective one. Therefore, there are no plans to change its policy during the current period. The ratio of association’s founders to its members is roughly estimated to be 10%. Taking into considerations that the number of registered volunteers is roughly 4000, only 100-200 of them are active ones. The association depends on a self financing scheme. Majority of funds come from membership fees, donations (in cash or in kind), and revenues from profit-based committees. There is one company which operates in the field of quality and 75% of its income is transferred to the association. There are some funding projects such as the share the good, CSR, and Ijada company. Only 10% of the directed donations are taken to cover a proportion of administrative expenses but the money of Zakat is kept untouched. The association collects money from Egyptians. The money comes in forms of Zakat, sadakat, and in cash or in kind donations. It utilizes no foreign funding alternatives except for the single initiative with the United Nations. This partnership agreement was made under pressures from Dubai police and entitled the association to receive a fund of $ 10. 000 in order to execute some projects. The association has neither an initial endowment nor an emergency fund. It depended mainly on donations during the initial construction phase. There is a bank account for the association where the money collected from the various sources is being deposited to or withdrew from when necessary. The association does not always profit from most of its projects because they have low profit margins. Some seasonal projects might generate profit like the partnership with Toshiba Company to distribute Ramadan lamps. Donations are considered as part of the revenues. The association uses money coming from donations, sadakat, and the yield of some revenue-based activities. The general overhead costs of the association are estimated roughly to be from 30-40% of the budget. The ways to manage costs to the least possible level include, inducing members to rationalize consumption rates, closely monitoring monthly expenses, rationalizing staff recruitment process, and covering the costs of high telephone bills, hospitality and administrative outlays through collecting in kind donations. The association does not recognize any kind of support offered by the Egyptian government. The old government has provided only some facilities to make agreements with some concerned authorities such as ministries. This was mostly perceived prior to the revolution. However, the picture of the new potential government is still vague and there is no assurance that the new government would adopt a pro-civil society philosophy or not. There are tentative expectations about possible cooperation from the ministry of environment in the future. Analysis Based on the results of the in-depth personal interviews conducted with key persons in the association two types of analysis were made. The following section starts by presenting the first type of analysis which is the SWOT. This will be followed by the PEST analysis. 1. SWOT analysis The association enjoys a number of strength points. These strengths include, but not limited to, the following; a. Strong team spirit is a huge asset, good and efficient management system, good public relations, raising the skills of volunteers through gained experience, and very good reputation perceived by partners and the community at large. b. The presence of strong networks both locally and internationally. Locally with government institutions such as the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education, the Adult Education in Alexandria, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the Ministry of Environment (protocol of cooperation),partnership training with the engineering industries sector TV ITVs affiliated to the Ministry of Industry, Alexandria Biblotecha library (Department of Public Relations and Information), Morkoseya Church, the Food Bank, and the Egyptian (permanent agreement). Internationally, networks with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Organized Crime in the United Nations, the Dubai Police (working as technical/training consultants to raise awareness of the damages of drug addiction. c. Good coordination with other local and international organizations. Examples include organizing joint training programs with renaissance makers club in Kuwait, the Ministry of Awqaf in Kuwait, the American University of Kuwait, Gulf University, CID in Kuwait and the Ministry of Defense, Union of Arab Doctors (donations to Libya), the office of Dr. Muhammad Salim Al-Awa, Toshiba Arab company and Ocean Express Company and Isam Abu-setta for heavy transport, New Horizons and Xeon, Arab Academy for Science and Technology, University of Pharos, Alexandria University, Cairo University, Helwan University, Ain Shams University, Menoufiya University, Western University , Mansoura University, Assuit University. Alshanek ya Balady Association, Alexandria west investors association, and set your goal association, the future hands Hospital. In addition to cultural partnership cooperation with the Egyptian-Turkish Friendship Association. d. The presence of a strong infrastructure in the main headquarters in Alexandria. It is located in a prestigious location, well furnished, and highly accessible. However it is not a private property and thus imposes the burden of paying high monthly rent. This location is equipped by personal computers, laptops, wireless network, and they have electronic marketing forces empowered by strong specialists in the field. e. The presence of an independent financial management and independent social affairs and legal affairs units whose staff are paid. The recycling project, the specialized teams used in field case studies, the illiteracy teachers, and volunteers. f. The lack of specific religious or political directions and the presence of strong relationships with respectable figures in Alexandria. The inclusion of small associations in the many events organized by the association. Dependence on respectable personalities in providing certain services. g. Partnering with the association provides the partner several privileges and huge returns. A list of those privileges and returns to partners and individuals can be found later in the appendices. The obvious weakness points observed in this association include the following; a. Funding problems (almost self-financing by 99% from members) and the presence of many projects in second row but (senior management has recently begun to train the middle class members to complete these projects and continue the transfer of expertise to their followers). b. There are no integration links between the projects. c. Some personal conflict problems might arise sporadically among members. d. Administrative problems, and lack of strictness and formalization procedures due to a conflict between the role of leader and manager, but they overcome this problem by appointing an executive director. e. Inadequate promotion for the association in the media compared to other competitors. The reasons are mainly to reduce expenses and due to the imposed security restrictions. f. The absence of headquarters in some governorates like Dakahleya and Gharbeya which constitutes a big problem because the teams there are highly specialized and they need the proper setting to grow on it. g. The lack of specialization between the work forces in undertaking the projects. h. Some communication problems were present however, the Human Resources Director has solved them. i. Lack of volunteers and problems with their continuity/tenure. In some cases the volunteer has a desire to see the immediate result of his voluntary work which makes them less patient to continue. Most of the projects carried out by the association have longer term impacts and feasibility. j. Shortage in financial resources and operational tools. The major opportunities, brought from the external environment, facing the association for the time being include the following; a. Activating some agreements with the Union of Arab doctors, the Ministry of Environment, various associations, political awareness teams, in addition to different charitable and awareness-raising teams seeking support from the association in terms of logistics and training. b. A strong deactivated relationship with Al-Jazeera training center which is currently under study. c. The existence of many public figures, associations, and young modest advocates who have neither political nor religious direction. The association can take advantage of their cooperation efforts. d. A number of donors from America, Canada and Morocco who have appeared after the revolution as service volunteers like doctors. e. Localities and the Council of the People elections. This can be achieved by nominating independent members. Any successful nominated member can offer some facilities and services to the association. Also, this will give the chance for the association to be presented as one of the active civil society organizations participating in crafting the new constitution. f. Offering many partnerships to join the association with large well known institutions such as New Horizons, the Arab Academy for Science and Technology, and other new companies through exhibitions. Their offered contributions come mainly in the form of donations. g. The existence of promising facilities to complete some strategic projects through governmental entities. h. Reducing some of the strict scrutiny procedures imposed previously by the old government and the security apparatus. i. The expansion and proliferation in the environment of charity work, the launch of various public events and the intense presence of the civil society activities. j. The potential for participation with other unknown may be small, associations to perform some other projects outside the scope of work of the association. This represents the potential for diversification and expansion of work coverage. k. People’s Openness and their new reconciliation with the community with the desire to join the civil society institutions to provide charity services. l. The presence of various finance institutions through which the association can expand its operations scale after getting approvals from concerned authorities. m. The neutrality of the association both politically and religiously is a major strength. It is manifested in attracting bodies of various ideologies either as beneficiaries or participants. These include for example, Morosely Church or El-Azhar in my life project. The major threats or challenges, brought from the external environment, facing the association include the following; a. The societal openness can produce many competitors; some of them are supported by huge funding schemes and are biased toward the fulfillment of certain political religious agendas. b. Security threats to volunteers and the possibility of exposure to risk in places where they provide services. The possibility of being abused by law breakers due to the lack of security in the Egyptian streets mainly after the recent events. c. Exploiting association’s activities for the beneficial interests of others. This is totally rejected. This might impose the threat of diluting the association’s public image. Examples include candidates’ coverage for elections or political support using association’s name and good reputation. d. The presence of some competitors with high media coverage, such as resala. e. The culture of voluntary work is still somehow tentative. The lack of awareness of others about the culture of volunteerism and societal responsibility. f. The necessity to invest in volunteers to improve their skills and derive maximum value out of their participation. g. The unstable economic situation of the Egyptian State. h. The role of the Ministry of Social Solidarity has been hindering the progress of the work of the civil society for long years ago. i. The emergence of the Muslim brotherhood and the ancestors (salaf) as major competitors. j. Lack of human rights and political awareness and the prevailing unjustified freedom leading to chaotic results. k. The culture of the conspiracy against Egypt and the presence of some many unnatural Egyptian T. V talk show moderators. l. The owners of certain rented headquarters are drug dealers. This represents a major threat calling for immediate actions in moving those headquarters. 2. The PEST analysis a. Political Factors The political environment in which the association operates appears to be unstable. This status has recently turned to be much intense following the revolution due to the emergence of new political groupings. There are some promising expectations that the new democratically elected government will set new policies that are pro the civil society. The new policies are expected to contain modified laws that regulate taxation and provide more support and facilities to NGOs’ operations. The old government economic policies seemed to be incredibly inefficient resulting into a deteriorated national economic performance. This government had also no hand on regulating the marketing ethics of operating NGOs. Its major concern was on prohibiting religiously oriented activities and banning NGOs participation in the political life. b. Economic Factors The slowdown in Egyptian national economy has impacted the role of the association. This was reflected into low interest rates on savings and high interest charges on borrowings. The inflation rate continued to grow reducing the purchasing value of the Egyptian pound. The long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and other economic indicators will depend on the policies and procedures adopted by the new elected government. c. Socio-cultural Factors The dominant religion in Egypt is Islam. The association is not discriminating against either religion or gender. The partnership with morkoseya church is an evidence to support this claim. The role of women continues to grow largely and rapidly in the Egyptian society. They are becoming well educated, highly paid, and having a self commitment toward volunteer work. The majority of people the association is targeting its services are illiterate. The general population lacks a solid awareness regarding green environmental issues. This is a very important role of the association in advocating for a green environment and promoting green activities. These include reducing consumption and disposal rates, saving energy, recycling disposed items†¦etc. d. Technological Factors Technological innovations make life easier for all. The association utilizes as many of the technological facilities like wireless connections, fax, and international calls to carry out daily activities. The emphasis should be directed toward strengthening association’s technological infrastructure to be able to do business through online communication channels. There are strong promises regarding what the future can bring to the civil society in general and to the association in particular. This is manifested in several key points. First: the majority of people are becoming motivated to volunteer work. Second: the increased public awareness of the importance of civic and collective actions in contrast to confining the role of the individual to achieve purely personal goals. Third: the strong promises and positive perception maintained by the majority of the poor toward the role of the civil society due to government failure to satisfy their needs. Forth: the diversity in working areas removes many of the restrictions imposed on the civilian work. Fifth: the potential for cooperation from the new elected democratic government. Sixth: the potential for receiving huge inflows of international donors’ funds. Finally, the presence of many initiatives aimed at community and society renaissance that could be built upon. Conclusion and Recommendations Based on the previous systematic analyses, the following conclusions are reached. The selected association is one of an above medium size. It has several branches covering a range of governorates in Egypt. In addition to that it has multiple international partnership agreements abroad with some countries like Kuwait and Dubai. It is innovative due to the creativity exercised by its members in proposing and launching new project initiatives given the limited financial and physical resources available to them. The diversity of its projects adds to its effectiveness by solving problems in multiple critical areas. Administratively, the association can be run more efficiently than its current status. The overhead costs can be controlled so that not to exceed 10% of the annual budget. This can be achieved through cutting back on hospitality, renting, and utilities expenses or finding a sponsor company to offer them for free. The remainder of the budget should be entirely devoted to implementing key projects and programs. Once those two objectives are met – keeping O. H costs to the minimum and maximizing the pool of resources available to projects – the association can enhance its reliability and credibility as perceived by the various stakeholder groups. It has to overcome one of its critical weaknesses which is the deficient public media coverage. Adopting innovative promotional campaigns, through media, flyers, and positive word of mouth, can bring in extra revenues, many volunteers individuals or corporations, government support, and a favorable public image. It has to integrate advanced sophisticated techniques to save institutional memory for the next generations. Applying digital archiving, video and audio recordings of important projects, seminars, and events, keeping records of association’s best practices are all effective methods to save memory beside the conventional paper-based archiving mechanism. Web presence is very critical to the association. It is not well developed because the current website is down and the main gate to potential members is through the social media like the face book. Thus, developing a full featured website can provide good communication channels for the association both locally and internationally. The association has to allow potential members to register online. The composition of the board of directors needs some adjustments. A combination of co-founders, highly prestigious figures, wealthy capitalists, experienced technocrats – given the fact that they are all politically and religiously unbiased will allow the association to leverage each party’s privileges respectively. The reason is that co-founders are well informed about the association, its mission, vision, goals and have an intuitive inner commitment to achieve them. The highly prestigious, well known, famous, and rich members – who represent the status symbol can bring in extra money through their special donations and strong contacts with bureaucrats. The wealthy capitalists can have a win-win situation. On the one hand, they can enjoy public credibility and commitment toward social responsibility and on the other hand they will cash in the association to derive this legitimacy. Experienced technocrats can propose better structural reforms, manage operational complexities, and implement strategies to improve performance by capitalizing on strengths and overcoming weaknesses. The association is membership-based and it serves multiple interests. It channels members’ annual fees to implement projects serving members of the poor communities. It also develops the skills and competencies of its members in return for their volunteer time, money, and efforts. The non-profit nature of the association should not hinder its attempts to implement profit-based projects. These projects are important to cover the high overhead cost, keep an emergency fund â€Å" to hedge against bad economic conditions,† invest surplus in revenue earning initiatives, finance new developmental projects, and finally keep work flow smoothly while enjoying the tax exemption privilege. Providing full fledged free support should be only restricted to severe cases. These include very poor, eldery, disable, and young sick children in highly marginalized areas. Otherwise, providing services should have something in return. For example, providing microfinance for poor families can be balanced against donating a certain percentage of periodical revenues to fund other projects. One more thing that should be emphasized specially after the revolution of January 25th is augmenting international funding options. The association has to devise an effective strategy to share a large portion of international donor money coming into Egypt to support democracy. Only with a clear schedule of valuable projects, the association can guarantee international donors’ support without facing the threat of policy conditionality i. e. , imposing a certain development agenda on fund recipient as a condition to be granted the money. This can secure association’s activities financially, allow it to cover O. H costs, implement expansion plans, and better serve society’s compelling needs. General recommendations to improve the civil society in Egypt; 1. The presence of a regulatory environment for transparency rather than for control. 2. Ensuring enough flexibility in law application and enforcement i. e. , the law versus the implementation issue. 3. Promoting an openness commitment to partnership between government and public institutions and the civil society. 4. Supporting a bottom-up approach to development from donors’ side. 5. Supporting the creation of institutions rather than only short or medium term programs to promote for sustainable development. 6. Mobilizing mechanisms to maximize the real value perceived by the beneficiaries from the donors’ dollars. Page (2011) mentioned that only 10 to 30 percent of this actual grant will go to the real beneficiaries. 7. Supporting the youth-led NGOs so that they can actually participate in leading the winds of change toward democracy in Egypt. P. S. for those interested in accessing the association for donations, or more research work, here are association’s contacts. Address

Achilles essays

Achilles essays The Iliad may be seen as an account of the circumstances that irrevocably alter the life of one man: Achilles, one of the greatest warriors. Throughout the course of the poem Achilles goes through many ordeals that change his character immensely. Starting with his quarrel with Agamemnon and withdrawal from battle, to the death of Patroklos, and with the slaying of Hektor. Achilles emotions and actions decide the fate of many warriors on both sides. Achilles struggles with anger, honor, pride, loyalty and love make the poem more that just a gruesome war story. A large source of Achilles anger started with his fight with Agamemnon. Apollo put a plague on the Achaean soldiers that was killing them off. The only way to stop this from killing them all was to give back a priests daughter who had been captured. This girl belonged to Agamemnon and he didnt want to give her up unless he got Achilles girl in return. This would disgrace Achilles honor but he could not let any more soldiers be killed so, he reluctantly let her go. But in return for giving up his girl he withdrew from the battle. Much of Achilles anger is a result of this occasion but the death of Patroklos later overrode his previous anger to Agamemnon. The death of Patroklos touched Achilles in many ways that changed and shaped his character. Many emotions were a result of his death such as love, loss, anger, and sadness. Patroklos was a dear friend to Achilles and when a mix of divine intervention and Hektor cut Patroklos down grief and the desire to avenge his dear friends death consumed Achilles. This switched his anger from King Agamemnon to Hektor, the man who slew his dear friend. This anger drew Achilles to avenge the death of his friend, to kill Hektor. The slaughter of Hektor is gruesome and horrid. Not only did Achilles kill Hektor but, he hung him by his ankles, attached him to his chariot and dragged Hector around the burial site o...

Understanding Place Value, Basic Math Concepts

Understanding Place Value, Basic Math Concepts Place value is an extremely important concept that is taught as early as kindergarten. As students learn about larger numbers, the concept of place value continues throughout the middle grades. Place value refers to the value of the digit based on its position and can be a difficult  concept for young learners to  grasp, but understanding this idea is essential for learning math. What Is Place Value? Place value refers to the value of each digit in a number. For example, the number  753 has three places- or columns- each with a specific value. In this three-digit number, the  3  is in the ones place, the  5  is in the tens place, and the 7  is in the hundreds place.   In other words, the  3  represents three single units, so the value of this number is  three. The  5  is in the tens place, where values increase by multiples of 10. So, the  5  is worth five units of 10, or  5 x 10, which equals 50. The  7  is in the hundreds place, so it represents seven units of 100, or 700. Young learners grapple with this idea because the value of each number is different depending on the column, or place, in which it resides. Lisa Shumate, writing for the website of Demme Learning, an educational publishing company, explains: Regardless of whether dad is in the kitchen, the living room, or the garage, he is still dad, but if the digit  3  is in different locations (tens or hundreds place, for example), it means something different. A  3  in the ones column is just  3.  But that same  3  in the tens column is  3 x 10, or 30, and the  3  in the hundreds column is  3 x 100, or 300. To teach place value, give students the tools they need to grasp this concept. Base 10 Blocks Base 10 blocks are  manipulative sets designed to  help students learn place value with blocks and flats in various colors, such as small yellow or green cubes (for ones), blue rods (for tens), and orange flats  (featuring 100-block squares). For example, consider a number such as  294.  Use green cubes for ones, blue bars (which contain 10 blocks each) to represent 10s, and 100 flats for the hundreds place. Count out four green cubes representing the  4  in the ones column, nine blue bars (containing 10 units each) to represent the  9  in the tens column, and two 100 flats to represent the  2  in the hundreds column. You dont even have to use different-colored base 10 blocks. For example,  for the number 142, you would place one 100 flat in the hundreds place, four 10-unit rods in the tens column, and two single-unit cubes in the ones place. Place Value Charts Use a chart like  an image  atop this article when teaching place value to students. Explain to them that with this kind of chart, they can determine place values for even very large numbers. For instance, with a number such as 360,521: the  3  would be placed in the Hundreds of Thousands column and represents 300,000 (3 x 100,000); the  6  would be placed in the Tens of Thousands column and represents 60,000 (6 x 10,000); the  0 would be placed in the Thousands column and represents zero (0 x 1,000); the   5  would be placed in the Hundreds column and represents 500 (5 x 100); the  2  would be placed in the Tens column and represents 20 (2 x 10), and the one would be in the Units- or ones- column and represents 1 (1 x 1). Using Objects Make copies of the chart. Give students various numbers up to 999,999 and have them place  the correct digit in its corresponding column. Alternatively, use different-colored objects, such as gummy bears, cubes, wrapped candies, or even small squares of paper. Define what each color represents, such as green for ones, yellow for tens, red for hundreds, and brown for thousands. Write a number, such as 1,345, on the board. Each student should place the correct number of colored objects in the corresponding columns on her chart: one brown marker in the Thousands column, three red markers in the Hundreds column, four yellow markers in the Tens column, and five green markers in the Ones column. Rounding Numbers When a child understands place value, she is usually able to round numbers to a specific place. The key is understanding that rounding numbers are essentially the same as rounding digits. The general rule is that if a digit is five or greater, you round up. If a digit is four or less, you round down. So, to round the number 387 to the nearest tens place, for example, you would look at the number in the ones column, which is  7.  Since seven is greater than five, it rounds up to 10. You cant have a 10 in the ones place, so you would leave the zero in the ones place and round the number in the tens place,  8, up to the next digit, which is 9. The number rounded to the nearest 10 would be 390. If students are struggling to round in this manner, review place value as discussed previously.

A Business Plan to Open a Portuguese Restaurant in London Essay

A Business Plan to Open a Portuguese Restaurant in London - Essay Example The management plan is discussed majorly for the employee’s costs and benefits. The financial plan shows the financial plan, profit and loss statements, balance sheet, Industry ratios, and addresses every possible risk and how to manage the risks along with several recommendations. The Portuguese restaurant will be a multicultural restaurant that will get to serve customers desiring Portuguese and American food. The restaurant seeks to meet every need of the diverse and growing ethnicity of the London city and targets to be the first to offer the authentic Portuguese foods. Food from the restaurant will get prepared primarily from food products that are fresh. The restaurant will have to create a Portuguese atmosphere. International music and culture will get incorporated into the restaurant using the paintings, murals and Portuguese music. The restaurant will get started in six months’ time, and the location of the restaurant will be in the north central of London city. The size of the restaurant will be 1200 square feet and will comprise of cooking area with freezer and refrigerator, counter eating area, restroom, dining area and waiting area for the takeout food. The owner’s, John Smith, prior experiences in the management of the restaurant resulted in his desire to want to manage and own a restaurant. Currently, John works at J &A Catering and Entertainment Corporation. Therefore, John Smith is the one that will operate the Travellers restaurant, and this is due to his goal of owning and operating a restaurant that he can utilize his proven experience and professional skills. His skills and experience in the restaurant business go back as far as 2007. From 2007- 2010, he worked as a cook for the Burger King Restaurant. From 2010- 2012 he operated as cook in Popeye’s Fort Wayne. At J&A Catering and Entertainment, he was responsible for managing the bar and getting to plan special events. His ability include working long hours,

The Asda Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Asda Effect - Assignment Example Everything changed all of a sudden as Asda found itself with demoralized employees, slow growth in sales, and declining profits in 1991. It had been a 1 billion pounds cash surplus supermarket chain in 1987, and by 1991 it had a debt of over 1 billion pounds. That was precisely the state of affairs at Asda when Archie Norman entered into the scene as Chief Executive Officer (CEO).The main reasons of the problems that Asda and Archie Norman had to face were due to complex organizational inefficiencies that they had to solve as soon as possible, right away, in order to survive, and at the same time, Asda had to become an efficient organization once again.  Ã‚   Among the different reasons behind Asda’s failures by mid-1991 were the following:   Asda as an organization with its own culture had become a bureaucratic and hierarchical institution beginning in the 1980s.   As a direct result of this rigid functioning structure in the company, any kind of innovation was stopped from being encouraged or implemented.   Without any innovation, Asda was unable to keep its competitive advantages in the retail market in the United Kingdom.   (Weber and Beer, 1998a:   p. 6).   So Asda and Archie Norman had to face the challenge of transforming the superstore in relation to its management style of doing things as well as implementing a sense of culture based on the core values of Asda.   Management and leadership had to change significantly in order to create a new productive and efficient organization.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A Marketing Analysis Of Pipers Crisps Marketing Essay

A Marketing Analysis Of Pipers Crisps Marketing Essay A SWOT analysis is a useful approach; it helps to examine a business overview position in relation to its internal and external environments. A SWOT analysis is and how it can be used to assess and plan for business developments(Book 1 what is a business PG 30) From the SWOT analysis; the human resource management, accounting and finance, and marketing functions need to be strengthen. There is no clear organisational structure within the business. The accounting function seems to be lacking clear information on pricing and areas to sell their products. The marketing function seem not to have a clear marketing strategy, as there are no clear lines for targeting customers or promoting the crisp brands. How to strengthen Piper Crisp: Human resources function- Clear organisational structure Accounting function- Set price for their products with more places to sell their products nationally and internationally Marketing function- Needs a clear marketing strategy with co-ordination, involving the 4 Ps price, product, promotion and place to improve the marketing targeting Q B. Piper crisp is a small business and its less likely to have a formal organisational structure. However, it will have its own characteristic culture. Two examples are from Drennan 1992, who proposed there are 12 key factors that shape the culture of a business; the influence of a dominant leader the vision, management style and personality of the founder or leader in a business often has a significant influence on the values that the business tries to promote (Book 1 What is a business PG 47) Having a strong idealistic leader is a common factor Pipers Crisps will have such a defining culture. This is illustrated in the case study by A Albone refusal to sell his crisps for Harrods and Prà ªt a Manager because of his ideals. The second factor that will influence the culture will be its goals and belief goals, values and beliefs reflected in objects, actions and language, that is, in Trice and Beyers symbols (Book 1 what is a business PG 47). The employees will have a common goal and belief within their company. This is showed in the case study by Pipers now creates special packets that include an Eastern Airlines jet in the picture on the front along with other subtle plugs for the airline (ECA PG 9) Piper crisp having a strong leader is where the culture will evolve from, he stands up for his ideals and he is not easily swayed by money or more business, this is showed by him turning down business from Harrods, Prà ªt a manager and major supermarkets. Question 4 Marketing function The marketing mixes are a combination of price, product, promotion and place that help to deliver a product in a successful approach to customersMarketers can influence this positioning by manipulating the marketing mix (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 16). Piper crisp does not have a very clear marketing strategy as they are the most expensive crisps on the market. Plus they have limited places to sell their crisp. However relationship marketing through promotional communication seems to be used to attract and keep customers. Francis Buttle 1996 theorized that products today are generally the same, thus its hard to find a clear difference. Product quality has become generally high and businesses have found it increasingly difficult to compete on superior quality alone as most competitors are able to offer similar quality. This is forcing businesses to seek competitive advantage in other ways (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 19) Piper crisp is achieving this marketing relationship by not selling in normal supermarkets and turning down well-known businesses to promote their own brand of high quality crisps, creating brand loyalty by stimulating the public awareness by not selling out. This is demonstrated in the newspaper article entitled: The rural revolution by Gareth Chadwick. The Independent Sunday, 20 March 2005 Pipers crisp can increase sales by increasing the use of free publicity of newspapers, media coverage and the internet. This can be achieved by using the internet to promote public interest at a national and global scale to sell their high quality products. Thus amplifying the issues of being a small countryside company trying to take on bigger companies, hopefully this will gain public support to purchase their crisps which would be indicative of the publics ongoing support and solidarity. This is showed in the chart below. Figure 4.4 .The promotional mix (Source: Blythe, 2001, p. 175, Figure 9.3) Q. B To develop a profitable relationship; the internal (Micro) and external (Macro) environment shows a marketing relationship that suggests that Piper crisp is focused on the lifetime value of customers and suppliers. From the case study These suppliers all have a story to tell and we tell it on the packets. Its a kind of joint branding, said Albone. We built our business on our relationship with suppliers (ECA PG 9). This shows that the Biggleswade Company and the Fiaz family are local suppliers and are part of the crisp branding. By building long-term relationships with a smaller number of suppliers they can ensure reliability of supply, both in terms of quality and delivery (Book 4 An introduction to marketing PG 26) The customers are also having a long term marketing relationship with Piper crisp. This is showed in the case study. He argues, undercut his core of original customers; those who backed him in the early years. These are the people who helped me and helped my business (ECA PG 9). This shows that Piper crisps values their customers opinions. Figure 2.1 shows this relationship Customers/ Eastern Airlines Pipers Crisp Biggleswade Fiaz family Q. C From Piper crisp SWOT analysis; two pressing human resources problems are according to Fowler 1996. There are no clear organisational structure in place which includes policies and aims. Secondly, Piper crisp must have the right staff in the right areas of the business, especially if there is a shortfall of quality people to hire. To run a successful business everyone must knows their area of reasonability. Different functions are responsible for making different aspects of the business happen, but have to work together so that overall objectives can be achieved (Book 1 What is a business PG 59) Two problems the accounting and finance function faces are; there is not a standard selling price in the stores for their crisps, this is the basis of accrual accounting; the gross profit The idea is that each sale generates a profit which equals the sale price less the cost of whatever was sold (Book 3 An introduction to accounting and finance in business PG 37); the function has no idea what their products actual selling prices are in the stores. Secondly, places to sell their crisp are limited because A Albone does not want to sell in certain place for example; super markets I dont want to sell to supermarkets, nor produce own label crisps, (ECA PG 9) Question 5 The term power is used to identify an action that someone would not necessarily do without being told or promised something in return. Power, in the human context, has long been recognised as the ability to make someone do what they otherwise would not (Book 5 Different ways of looking at business PG 42). According to Watson, 2001, pp. 322-3, there are 3 dimensions of power. In Piper crisp there are 3 dimensions of power An interpersonal dimension An organisational-structural-cultural dimension A societal-structural-cultural dimension. The interpersonal dimension face of power is on a personal one to one level, this is showed in the case study by R. Lake persuading A. Albone to make crisp for his airline. Although A. Albone said no initially, but it still happened- Richard Lake who owns Eastern Airlines, he says. He wanted us to make Eastern Airline crisps. I said no- Pipers now creates special packets that include an Eastern Airlines jet in the picture (ECA PG9) The organisational-structural-cultural dimension is about the organisational relationships within Piper crisp company. A. Albone is the managing director and also 1 of 3 founders of Pipers crisp. Thus A. Albone will manage the company as he sees fit and his employees will follow his instructions. Plus there are 2 other men that help to invest money to form Pipers crisps. However its A. Albone decisions not to sell to Harrods and Prà ªt a manager. This would have increase sales within the company thus increasing the return on the 2 men investments, selling to the Prà ªt a manager or Harrods did not happen. This is showed in the case study- despite the personal invitation from the nations most famous grocer to produce branded crisps for one of the worlds most famous stores, 44-year-old farmer Alex Albone politely declined and Albone heads the sales team of three (from a staff of 15) (ECA PG 9) The third face of power is the societal-structural-cultural dimension; this involves society. This is when people or groups in society exerts power on someone or the company to do something they would not necessarily have done, this also can be reversed, this is illustrated in the case study by Piper crisp customers. Their customers are disempowered; they have to buy their crisps in certain locations and not readily available in supermarkets because of Pipers crisps decisions not to sell to major retailers. Selling via the likes of Tesco or Sainsburys would also, he argues, undercut his core of original customers; those who backed him in the early years. These are the people who helped me and helped my business. If I sold in the supermarkets it would undermine the value of the brand.(ECA PG 9) Q.B PEST analysis stands for political (P), economic (E), social (S), and technological (T) analysis and describes a framework of external environmental factors. I am going to use this model to discuss Globalisation, Technology and Networks in Piper crisp Globalisation- is term the expansion of business activities It can be defined simply as the expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of nation states (Book 5 Different ways of looking at business PG 32). This is the most important trend. P. In the present; Piper will have political support being a small countryside employer. This is showed by Pipers receiving a grant fund to be started teamed up with two friends to invest  £100,000 plus some grant aid to set up Pipers. (ECA PG 9) In the future Pipers should be able to expand into other countries as there is improved free trading and reduce taxations within the UK and EU borders for small businesses. E. In the present Pipers is economically stable as they are making a profit Last year he saw pre-tax profits of  £80,000 on a  £1.3m turnover. This year he is looking to sell £2m worth of crisps (ECA PG 9). In the future Pipers is looking to increase sales to  £2 million, this can be archived by increasing exports to Norway and Ireland. S. In the UK society we like to eat lots of junk food We are a nation of snackers. (ECA PG 9) In the future this concept is a good working model and Pipers should be able to use this concept in different countries. T. Pipers is a small countryside employer. Piper is very traditionally based Provenance is very important to us. (ECA PG 9) In the future there is room to improve with new machinery for faster production and the use of the internet to market their products. Technology- Is the development of systems to indicate improvement; this can also be information the development and growth of technological innovation which simplifies the production process (Book 5 Different ways of looking at business PG 17) P. In the present Pipers are using the newspapers to gain public support about their issues of being a small town manufacturer taking on the big chains in Harrods and Prà ªt a manager I dont want to sell to supermarkets, nor produce own label crisps, (ECA PG 9) This will be a local political debate about the support of small enterprise. In the future if Pipers continue to view their issues via the internet and mass media coverage this might be a national political issue Business is booming again in the countryside but it needs more support if it is going to continue to grow The Independent Sunday, 20 March 2005. E. In the present Pipers will more likely be using information technology, to calculate their exports and accounts Last year he saw pre-tax profits of  £80,000 on a  £1.3m turnover. (ECA PG 9) In the future this can be improved with new software for more timely and accurate information. S. In the present, Pipers is using also using information technology to market their products to society. In the future the internet and mass media can be used more to target consumers. T. In the present, Pipers might be using airplanes and trucks to distribute their products locally and internationally it means Pipers crisps are available across the UK (ECA PG 9) In the future; Pipers might be using more airplanes to distribute their product nationally and internationally because it adds greater value or return to the business. Networks- are used to describe flexibility of teams or smaller divisions within business for a business to be flexible and manage quick responses without tying up resources (either assets or people) that are needed for other functions (Book 5 Different ways of looking at business PG 29) P. In the present, Pipers does not have much flexibility in dealing with political issues, a tax increase on small businesses might be detrimental to Pipers financial overview But rural businesses make a surprisingly healthy contribution to the overall performance of the UK economy (ECA PG 9). In the future, Pipers might be able to pressure governments, if the company increases in size and is large enough to cause mass unemployment, by ceasing operations in a certain country or town. E. In the present, Pipers have a profitable relationship with their suppliers. They are part of the crisp branding These suppliers all have a story to tell, and we tell it on the packets. Its a kind of joint branding (ECA PG 9). In the future, pipers might want to buy these small suppliers to secure the branding rights and increase the efficiency of the supplier chain. S. Presently, Pipers is using their brand to create loyalty from customers. In the future Pipers might have a reward scheme or promotional cards to buy crisps at discount prices, thus reducing the need for general marketing. This will provide Pipers with a database of customers names and addresses. T. Currently, Pipers is using information for marketing and sales. In the future this can be improved with new software and by the use of internet technology to increase sales. Word count: 2489

Explain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Essay

The behaviourist perspective is an idea that we can understand any type of behaviour by looking at what the person has learner. This includes personality traits such as shyness, confidence, optimism or pessimism. Behaviourist psychologists explain all human behaviour as resulting from experience. Two key psychologists are Pavlov and Skinner, although these two theorists believed that different processes were involved, they both explained all types of behaviour as being the result of learning. This is everything from shyness to aggression and happiness to depression. Classical conditioning was a theory developed by a Russian psychologist called Ivan Pavlov. He was working with dogs to investigate their digestive system. The dogs were attached to a harness and Pavlov attached monitors to their stomachs and mouths so he could measure the rate of salivation. He noticed that the dog began to salivate when someone entered the room with a bowl of food, but before the dog had eaten the food. Since salivation is a reflex response, this seemed unusual. Pavlov decided that the dog was salivating because it had learned to associate the person with the food. He then developed a theory. Food automatically led to the salivation response, since this response had not been learned, he called this an unconditioned response, which is a response that regularly occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is presented. As food automatically leads to this response, he called this an unconditioned stimulus, which is a stimulus that regularly and consistently leads to an automatic response. Pavlov then presented food at the same time as ringing a bell (neutral stimulus), to see if the dog would learn to associate the bell with the food. After several trials, the dog learned that the bell was associated with food and eventually it began to salivate only when the bell was rung and no food was presented. It therefore had learned the conditioned response of salivation to the conditioned stimulus, the conditioned response is a new, learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that mimics the response to the unconditioned stimulus. The Conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response, just as the unconditioned response used to. Operant conditioning was a theory created by an American psychologist called Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Skinner worked mostly with rats and pigeons to discover key principles of learning new behaviours. He used a device called a Skinner box, the box contains a lever which, when pressed, releases a food pellet into the box which therefore should reinforce lever-pressing behaviour. When the rat is first placed in the box it will run around and sniff the various items and at some point it will press the lever, releasing the food pellet. When the rat has performed this action several times, it will learn that this behaviour is automatically followed by the release of a food pellet. Because the pellet is reinforcing, this consequence increases the probability of the behaviour being repeated. The two types of reinforcement are positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when the consequence following a particular behaviour is experienced as desirable. Negative reinforcement is when behaviour results in a consequence that removes something unpleasant. Skinner tested the negative reinforcement by running a very low electrical current on the floor of the skinner box. The current would be de-activated if the rat pressed the lever. The lever pressing was therefore negatively reinforcing. Social learning theory: There are many influences on our behaviour, this comes from peers, siblings, parents, television, sports and celebrities. According to the social learning theory, role models are very important. The likelihood of imitating behaviours is strongly influenced by the way we perceive the person performing the behaviour. If we observe the behaviour of someone we admire, we are more likely to imitate their behaviour. For example, if someone such as Bradley wiggins recommends that we should wear a cycle helmet, we are much more likely to imitate this behaviour as we are closer to being like this admired model. But, if someone we look down on recommends that we do the same, we are much less likely to do so as we do not want to be perceived as the person we look down on. Certain attributes of a person determine whether the behaviour is more likely to be imitated, these attributes include; gender, similarity to ourselves, status, prestige, competence and fame. Our behaviour is also influenced by the presence of other, no matter how much we believe ourselves to be individuals. Culture is the shared values, norms, language, customs and practices of a group. It also refers to different sub-groups within society. It is important to understand how culture affects our behaviour in order to gain a full understanding of the people we encounter and those we work with. Watson found that the average amount of eye contact made varied between countries, with high degrees of eye contact being seen as insolent by some Africans and East Asians, whereas among Indians and Latin-Americans this was seen as desirable. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a concept in psychology that has an impact on the way we behave towards others and expect them to behave towards us. If we believe ourselves to be worthwhile, pleasant and likeable then we will almost certainly be polite and cheerful towards those we meet, therefore it will create a favourable impression. In response, those who come into contact with us perceive us favourably and behave in a positive way towards us, this results in our positive self-beliefs being confirmed. On the other hand, if we are angry and feel the whole world is against us, then we are likely to behave in a more aggressive way and therefore this is how we will be responded to, which will confirm our views of ourselves and the world. The Psychodynamic approach: This approach was created by an Austrian psychologist called Sigmund Freud. Freud was one of the earliest thinkers to bring to public attention the idea that we are not always aware of all aspects of ourselves. He said that we’re are aware of things in our conscious mind, but things like our memories, feelings and past experiences are locked up in a part of our mind called the unconscious. We can’t access the unconscious part of our minds but they leak out in dreams or through a slip of the tongue. Part of the unconscious that we can easily access he called the pre-conscious. This contains information that isn’t in the conscious part of our minds but can be easily retrieved. Freud believed that early experiences determine behaviours later in life. He developed the psychosexual theory, he believed we all go through several stages of psychosexual development. At each stage, the individuals libido is focused on a part of the body that is particularly relevant at that stage. If the needs are met for the developing child at each stage, it moves on to the next development stage. If there is a struggle or conflict, the individual becomes stuck at this stage. This results in certain personality traits, which are carried through into adulthood and which can explain behaviour in later life. The earliest stage is the ‘oral stage’, the focus here is on the mouth and consists of behaviours such as sucking, biting and licking. Freud believed that, either, the infant was weaned too early and would feel under-gratified and unsatisfied and would develop into a pessimistic sarcastic person. On the other hand, the infant was weaned too late and would develop a gullible personality and naively trust in others. This stage lasts from birth to approximately 18 months. If the infant passes through the oral stage without becoming stuck, the next stage is the ‘anal stage’, which lasts from approximately one to three years. The libido here is focused on aspects to do with potty training. If there is a battle with parents about potty training, with the child feeling forced to use the potty before they are ready. The child may rebel by retaining their faeces, therefore holding on to the control and withholding satisfaction from the parents. This is called ‘anally retentive’ and is associated with later personality traits such as obstinacy, miserliness and obsessive traits. The alternative is that the child is not given enough boundaries over potty training so they take pleasure in excretion and become a messy, creative, disorganised person. During the ages of four to five, a child passes through the ‘phallic stage’. Fixation at this stage is associated with anxiety and guilty feelings about sex and fear about castration for males. If this stage is not resolved, Freud suggests that a boy may become homosexual and a girl may become a lesbian. Between the ages of five to seven and the onset of puberty, a child enters the ‘latency stage’, it is not a developmental stage but is when the focus is on social pursuits such as sport, academic excellence and the development of friendships. The final stage is the ‘gential stage’, this begins at puberty. Freud believed that the less fixated a child has become during the earlier stages, the more easily this stage will be negotiated, resulting in the ability to form strong heterosexual relationships, with the ability to be warm and loving as well as receive love in a mature way. Another important feature of early experiences is the development of ego defence mechanisms. An ego is the part of the mind whose function it is to moderate the demands of the id and prevent the superego being too harsh. It operates on the reality principle. The use of a defence mechanism allows us to block out events that threaten to overwhelm us. Examples of ego defences are things such as repression which allows a person to forget an event such as a traumatic event. Regression is reverting to an earlier stage of development such as wetting the bed when gaining a new sibling despite never doing so before. Denial is pushing an event or emotion out of the conscious mind, such as denying that a loved one has died. Displacement is redirecting desires onto a safe object, such as taking your anger out on someone you love because of someone else giving you a hard time. Freud suggested that the mind is divided into three dynamic parts which he called the ‘psyche’. The ‘id’ is the part of the mind which is completely unconscious and exists at birth. It is focused on getting what is wants and has aggressive, sexual and loving instincts, such as ‘i want’. The ‘superego’ is a result of socialisation and consists of all the instructions, morals and values that are repeatedly reinforced when growing up. It consists of an internalisation of all the values of right and wrong we have been socialised to believe in, it is our conscience and represents a view of our ideal self. The main role of the superego is to subdue the activity of the id. The ego tries to balance the id and the superego. It is the rational part of the mind. Different behaviours can be understood by trying to infer which part of the psyche is dominant at any time. For example, a person who is submissive, guilty and always wanting to please others may have a very strong superego. A person who is impulsive, careless of other people’s feelings and does not care about the consequences of their actions will have a very strong id. A person who can be submissive but assertive when need be, who is able to think about other peoples needs but value their own can probably balance the id and superego. Eric Erikson was a psychologist who agreed with much of Freuds theory that we developed through a series of stages. Although, he believed these continued throughout our lifetime and were essentially social in nature. He believed that Freud put too much emphasis on desire and not enough on our need to be accepted by society and lead a meaningful life. Erikson suggested that we move through a series of psychosocial crises with a different social focus at each stage. The Humanistic perspective: Humanistic psychology looks at human experience from the viewpoint of an individual, it focuses on the idea of free will and that we are all capable of making our own choices. Maslow is an American psychologist who believed that we are all seeking to be the best we can both, spiritually, physically, emotionally and intellectually. He called this self-actualisation. He made a theory called the hierarchy of needs, which explains that every person requires certain basic needs to be met before they can reach the next level. Maslow believed that until our basic needs are met, we will focus on getting them met and not be able to progress further. When we are comfortable physically, we focus on our emotional needs such as self-esteem. When these needs are met we strive to self-actualise. Carl rogers was a psychologist who was interested in the concept of self. Self-concept refers to the way we view ourselves, this is physically and biologically, attributes such as being male or female, blonde or brunette, tall or short, as well as personality traits such as being kind, humble, assertive or hard-working. The self-concept is formed from an early age and children internalise other people’s judgements of them, which may become a part of their self-concept. Internalise is the way we take in information from the outside world and build into our sense of self. It then becomes part of our feelings, thoughts and beliefs about ourselves. If a child is told they’re silly, naughty and will come to no good, part of their self-aspect will contain these aspects. On the other hand, if a child is praised and encouraged to succeed, they will have positive self-concept. The cognitive/information processing perspective: Jean piaget was a Swiss psychologist who initially worked on measuring intelligence. He noticed that children on the same ages make the same mistakes in logic, no matter how bright they were. He came to the conclusion that cognition develops through a series of stages, each new stage building on the previous one. Birth to 1 Â ½ or 2 years ‘the sensorimotor stage’ – Learning to use senses and muscles – thinking without language. Babies are born with the ability to sense objects, they are also born with a range of reflexes such as the sucking reflex to enable them to feed. These reflexes lead to ‘motor actions’ controlling body muscles. The sensorimotor stage is a stage when thinking is limited to sensing objects and performing motor actions. Piaget believed that a baby would not have a working system for remembering and thinking about the world until they were about 18 months old. 2-7 years ‘the pre-operational stage’ – Pre-logical thinking in language but without understanding logic. Piaget believed that during this stage, children could not think in a logical way. Children can use words to communicate but cannot understand logical implications involved in language. Pre-operational children cannot properly understand how ideas like number, mass and volume really work. 7-11 years ‘the concrete operational stage’ – A stage where logical thinking is limited to practical situations. Children in the concrete operations stage can think logically provided the issues are concrete. In the concrete operational stage children may be able to understand simple logical puzzles. 11+ years ‘the formal operational stage’ – Thinking using logic and abstract thought processes – adult thinking. With formal logic, an adult can solve complex problems. This stage allows adolescents and adults to use abstract concepts to gain understanding of the world. Adults can think scientifically and think through complicated ideas in our head without having to see the concrete picture. George Kelly developed a psychological theory called the psychology of personal constructs. He saw the individual as a scientist, making predictions about the future, testing them and revising them according to new evidence. A construct is a way of construing reality and the environment. Kelly believed that we do not have to be constrained by our past history but can seek out new, alternative, more positive meanings. The biological perspective: Maturational theory – this theory holds that the effects of the environment are minimal. A child is born with a set of genetic instructions that are passed down from their parents. Their cognitive, physical and other developmental processes merely unfold over time, rather than being dependent on the environment to mature. It is a theory which states that development is due to nature not nurture. Arnold Gesell believed that development occurred according to a sequence of developmental processes. Development in the womb has a fixed set of stages; the heart begins to form first, along with a nervous system. Bones and muscles develop next and over time the organism develops into a fully functioning human being. As the child develops from birth, its genes allow it to develop gradually into the person they’re meant to be. Genes can affect behaviour in many ways. Many diseases such as Cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease are passed on through parents genes. Diseases such as these are genetically determined, regardless of environmental factors. Disorders that are not genetically determined, but where an individual’s genes may leave them with a vulnerability to developing the disorder are very common. The autonomic nervous system produces its effects through activation of nerve fibres throughout the nervous system, brain and body or by stimulating the release of hormones from endocrine glands. Hormones are biochemical substances that are release into the bloodstream and have a profound effect on target organs and behaviour. They are present in very small quantities and individual molecules have a very short life, so their effects quickly disappear if they are secreted continiously. There are a large number of hormones, such as, melatonin which acts on the brainstem sleep mechanisms to help synchronise the phases of sleep and activity. Testosterone, which may influence aggressiveness, and oxytocin which stimulates milk production and female orgasms.